Define Heart Failure and its Clinical Features Understand the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure and the underlying structural/functional abnormalities. Explain Key Hemodynamic Concepts Comprehend preload, afterload, stroke volume, cardiac output, and ejection fraction, and their roles in ventricular function. Discuss Epidemiology and Classification Review global prevalence, major causes, and classification (HFrEF, HFpEF, HFmrEF, acute vs chronic, right vs left-sided). Understand Pathophysiology and Neurohormonal Mechanisms Explore compensatory mechanisms (SNS, RAAS, ADH), remodeling, and long-term deleterious effects. Identify Clinical Features and Diagnostic Criteria Apply Framingham criteria and interpret diagnostic tools for HFpEF and HFrEF. Review Precipitating Factors and Prognosis Recognize triggers for decompensation and understand mortality risks based on NYHA classification. Outline Principles of Management Acute management strategies (LMNOP approach) and long-term goals (symptom control, mortality reduction, lifestyle modification). Discuss Pharmacologic and Non-Pharmacologic Therapies Learn the roles of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, ARNI, beta-blockers, diuretics, digoxin, and device therapy.